고대 스칸디나비아 인 or Scandinavian mythology 의 본문입니다 신화 의 North Germanic peoples, stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The 최북단 연장 Germanic mythology and stemming from Proto-Germanic folklore, Norse mythology consists of tales of various deities, beings, and heroes derived from numerous sources from both before and after the pagan period, including medieval manuscripts, archaeological representations, and folk tradition.

The source texts mention numerous gods, such as the hammer-wielding, humanity-protecting thunder-god 토르, who relentlessly fights his foes; the one-eyed, raven-flanked 신 오딘, who craftily pursues knowledge throughout the worlds and bestowed among humanity the runic alphabet; the beautiful, seiðr-working, feathered cloak-clad goddess 프레이야 who rides to battle to choose among the slain; the vengeful, skiing goddess Skaði, who prefers the wolf howls of the winter mountains to the seashore; the powerful god Njörðr, who may calm both sea and fire and grant wealth and land; the god Freyr, whose weather and farming associations bring peace and pleasure to humanity; the goddess Iðunn, who keeps apples that grant eternal youthfulness; the mysterious god 헤임달, who is born of nine mothers, can hear grass grow, has gold teeth, and possesses a resounding horn; the 요툰‘s son, the god 로키, who brings tragedy to the gods by engineering the death of the goddess Frigg‘s beautiful son Baldr및 numerous other deities.

Most of the surviving mythology centers on the plights of the gods and their interaction with several other beings, such as humanity and the jötnar, beings who may be friends, lovers, foes, or family members of the gods. The cosmos in Norse mythology 으로 구성되다 나인월드 that flank a central sacred tree, 이그드라실. Units of time and elements of cosmology are personified as deities or beings. Various forms of a creation myth are recounted, where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being 이미르, and the first two humans are Ask and Embla. These worlds are foretold to be reborn after the events of 라그나로크 when an immense battle occurs between the gods and their enemies, and the world is enveloped in flames, only to be reborn anew. There the surviving gods will meet, and the land will be fertile and green, and two humans will repopulate the world.

Norse mythology has been the subject of scholarly discourse since the 17th century, when key texts attracted the attention of the intellectual circles of Europe. By way of comparative mythology 및 historical linguistics, scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology. During the modern period, the Romanticist 바이킹 부흥 re-awoke an interest in the subject matter, and references to Norse mythology may now be found throughout modern popular culture. The myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism.

소스

Norse mythology is primarily attested in dialects of 오래된 노르웨이 사람은 North Germanic language spoken by the Scandinavian people during the European 중세 and the ancestor of modern Scandinavian languages. The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in 아이슬란드, where the oral tradition stemming from the pre-Christian inhabitants of the island was collected and recorded in manuscripts. This occurred primarily in the 13th century. These texts include the Prose Edda, composed in the 13th century by 스 노리 스터 루손및 시적 에드다, a collection of poems from earlier traditional material anonymously compiled in the 13th century.

그리고, Prose Edda was composed as a prose manual for producing skaldic poetry—traditional 오래된 노르웨이 사람 poetry composed by skalds. Originally composed and transmitted orally, skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse, 케닝, and several metrical forms. The Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the 시적 에드다. 그만큼 시적 에드다 consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, and this poetry—Eddic poetry—utilizes fewer 케닝. In comparison to skaldic poetry, Eddic poetry is relatively unadorned.

그리고, Prose Edda 기능 레이어 euhemerization, a process in which deities and supernatural beings are presented as having been either actual, magic-wielding human beings who have been 신화 in time or beings 악마 방법으로 Christian mythology. Texts such as Heimskringla, composed in the 13th century by Snorri and Gesta Danorum, composed in 라틴어 by Saxo Grammaticus in Denmark in the 12th century, are the results of heavy amounts of euhemerization.Numerous further texts, such as the 사가, provide further information. The saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories (아이슬란드인의 사가)에 마이그레이션 기간 tales mentioning historic figures such as 훈족 아틸라 (legendary sagas). Objects and monuments such as the Rök runestone 그리고 Kvinneby amulet 기능 runic inscriptions—texts written in the runic alphabet, the indigenous alphabet of the Germanic peoples—that mention figures and events from Norse mythology.Objects from the archaeological record may also be interpreted as depictions of subjects from Norse mythology, such as amulets of the god Thor’s hammer ln 니르 found among pagan burials and small silver female figures interpreted as 발키리 or dísir, beings associated with war, fate or ancestor cults. By way of historical linguistics 및 comparative mythology, comparisons to other attested branches of Germanic mythology (such as the 올드 하이 독일어 Merseburg Incantations) may also lend insight. Wider comparisons to the mythology of other Indo-European peoples by scholars has resulted in the potential reconstruction of far earlier myths. The best surviving norse manuscript, is the saga of Beowulf.Only a tiny amount of poems and tales survive of the mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, and before. Later sources reaching into the modern period, such as a medieval charm recorded as used by the Norwegian woman Ragnhild Tregagås—convicted of 요술 in Norway in the 14th century—and spells found in the 17th century Icelandic Galdrabók 그리 모아 르 also sometimes make references to Norse mythology. Other traces, such as place names bearing the names of gods may provide further information about deities, such as a potential association between deities based on the placement of locations bearing their names, their local popularity, and associations with geological features.

Gods and other beings

members of the gods. Numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts. As evidenced by records of personal names and place names, the most popular god among the Scandinavians during the Viking Age was Thor the thunder god, who is portrayed as unrelentingly pursuing his foes, his mountain-crushing, thunderous hammer ln 니르 in hand. In the mythology, Thor lays waste to numerous jötnar who are foes to the gods or humanity, and is wed to the beautiful, golden-haired goddess SIF.

신 오딘 is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts. One-eyed, 늑대– 그리고 갈가마귀-flanked, with spear in hand, Odin pursues knowledge throughout the worlds. In an act of self-sacrifice, Odin is described as having hanged himself upside-down for nine days and nights on the cosmological tree 이그드라실 to gain knowledge of the runic alphabet, which he passed on to humanity, and is associated closely with death, wisdom, and poetry. Odin is portrayed as the ruler of 아스 가드, and leader of the 에 시르. Odin’s wife is the powerful goddess Frigg who can see the future but tells no one, and together they have a beloved son, Baldr. After a series of dreams had by Baldr of his impending death, his death is engineered by 로키, and Baldr thereafter resides in 전체의, a realm ruled over by an entity of the same name.

Odin must share half of his share of the dead with a powerful goddess, 프레이야. She is beautiful, sensual, wears a feathered cloak, and practices seiðr. She rides to battle to choose among the slain and brings her chosen to her afterlife field 포크뱅그. Freyja weeps for her missing husband 오드르, and seeks after him in faraway lands. Freyja’s brother, the god Freyr, is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts, and in his association with the weather, royalty, human sexuality, and agriculture brings peace and pleasure to humanity. Deeply lovesick after catching sight of the beautiful jötunn Gerðr, Freyr seeks and wins her love, yet at the price of his future doom. Their father is the powerful god Njörðr. Njörðr is strongly associated with ships and seafaring, and so also wealth and prosperity. Freyja and Freyr’s mother is Njörðr’s sister (her name is unprovided in the source material). However, there is more information about his pairing with the skiing and hunting goddess Skaði. Their relationship is ill-fated, as Skaði cannot stand to be away from her beloved mountains, nor Njörðr from the seashore. Together, Freyja, Freyr, and Njörðr form a portion of gods known as the Vanir. While the Aesir and the Vanir retain distinct identification, they came together as the result of the Aesir–Vanir War.

While they receive less mention, numerous other gods and goddesses appear in the source material. (For a list of these deities, see List of Germanic deities.) Some of the gods heard less of include the apple-bearing goddess Iðunn and her husband, the skaldic god 브래지어; the gold-toothed god 헤임달, born of nine mothers; the ancient god 티르, who lost his right hand while binding the great wolf 펜 리어; and the goddess 게프욘, who formed modern-day 뉴질랜드, 덴마크.

Various beings outside of the gods are mentioned. 꼬마 요정의 복수 및 난쟁이 are commonly mentioned and appear to be connected, but their attributes are vague and the relation between the two is ambiguous. Elves are described as radiant and beautiful, whereas dwarfs often act as earthen smiths. A group of beings variously described as jötnar, thursar의 메이크업 시연, 그리고 한국에서 사랑을 담아 보낸  트롤 (in English these are all often glossed “로거인들“) frequently appear. These beings may either aid, deter, or take their place among the gods.The 노른스, dísir및 앞서 언급 한 발키리 also receive frequent mention. While their functions and roles may overlap and differ, all are collective female beings associated with fate.